Tiregan, an ancient Iranian summer festival, is the seventh of the seven most important and widely celebrated festivals in Iranian/Zoroastrian tradition. The seven in order of celebration frequency, popularity etc. are: Norooz; Sizdah be-dar (Farvardeengan), Charshanbeh Soori, Yalda (Daygan), Mehregan; Sadeh, and Tiregan. 

 

There are many legends on the origins of Tirgan. One legend describes that Iran and Turan, two long standing enemies, decided to declare peace by demarcating the boundaries between the two empires.

 

Tir in modern Persian, Tishtar in Middle Persian or Pahlavi, and Avestan Tishtrya, is the Yazad presiding over the Star Sirius, brightest star in the sky, and of rain, and thus Tir Yazad especially invoked to enhance harvest and counter drought.

 

This event is celebrated in July (the Tir month of the Persian calendar) and refers to the archangel Tir (arrow) or Tishtar (lightning bolt) who appeared in the sky to generate thunder and lightning for much needed rain. It is said that Tishtar, in the form of a white horse with golden ears, battles it out with Apausha, the famine div, in the form of a black horse. After a few days of battle and just as it seems like Tishtar would be defeated, he asks Ahura Mazda for assistance and finally emerges victorious. As a result famine is removed and all fields benefit from the pouring rain.

 

Another legend says that Arash-e Kamangir was a man chosen to settle a land dispute between two leaders, Iran and Turan. When Manoochehr and Afrasiab determined to make peace and to fix the boundary between Iran and Turan, it was stipulated that Arash should ascend Mount Damavand, and discharge an arrow on the 13th day of Tir towards the east. The place in which the arrow fell should form the boundary between the two kingdoms. Arash thereupon ascended the mountain, and discharged towards the east an arrow, the flight of which continued from the dawn of day until noon, when it fell on the banks of the Jeyhun (the Oxus). Turan, who had suffered from the lack of rain, and Iran rejoiced the settlement of the borders, the peace and rain poured onto the two countries.

 

Today, some Iranians celebrate this occasion with dancing, singing, reciting poetry and serving spinach soup and sholeh zard. Besides a celebration dedicated to Tir, there appear to have been many customs associated with Tiregan. It has been observed that during this celebration children rejoice by swimming in streams and splashing water around.

 

The celebration is widely attested by historians such as Abu Said Gardezi, Biruni and Al-Masudi, as well as European travelers to Iran during the Safavid era. This event is celebrated on the 13th day of the month of Tir, (the 4th month of the Persian calendar) which equates to the 2nd or 3rd of July in the Gregorian calendar.