TEHRAN – Situated in Kerman province, southern Iran, the centuries-old Arg-e Rayen is one of world’s largest adobe citadels. 

In Iran, the fortress is widely famed as the “second-largest adobe citadel in the world” after the UNESCO-designated Arg-e Bam, also located in the same province. 

Named after ancient city of Rayen, where it stands tall, the fortress spans over 22,000 square meters, and for centuries it remained in use until the mid-19th century. 

The stronghold played a crucial role during the rule of Nader Shah Afshar, who is famed as Napolean of Persia, and later under the Zand dynasty, functioning as a center of governance and commerce due to its location on the trade route connecting Kerman, Jiroft, and Bandar Abbas.

Often overshadowed by the larger Arg-e Bam, both citadels offer invaluable insight into ancient Persian military architecture and urban planning. Arg-e Bam was severely destroyed by an earthquake in 2003 but Arg-e Rayen is still well-preserved despite many earthquakes and natural disasters.

Architectural genius

Built entirely of mudbrick, the fort is an extraordinary example of traditional Iranian citadel construction. It consists of high walls, 16 defensive towers, and a single grand entrance located on the eastern side. The citadel is divided into distinct sections, including residential areas, a central fortress, a marketplace, a mosque, a school, a bathhouse, and a governing complex. The aristocratic quarters within the fortress feature intricate architectural elements, including multi-story buildings, courtyards, and large halls.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the citadel is its hidden escape routes, designed to allow the ruling elite to flee during enemy invasions. The octagonal pavilion, known as the governor’s residence, is another architectural highlight, reflecting the grandeur and ingenuity of Persian design.
In addition, the citadel exemplifies the social structure of its time, with separate quarters for the ruling class, military personnel, and common residents.

A gateway for sightseeing 

Visitors to Rayen can explore several other attractions, including: Rayen Waterfall, a scenic natural wonder near the citadel; Gishigan, a village known for its cool climate and lush landscapes; Jameh Mosque of Rayen, an architectural gem reflecting Persian-Islamic artistry; Mount Hezar, Iran’s fourth-highest peak, offering breathtaking hiking and trekking opportunities.
Rayen is known for its handmade swords and knifes, which contribute to its economic prosperity.

Best time to visit

The best seasons to visit Rayen Citadel are spring and autumn when the weather is mild and ideal for exploring both the fortress and its surrounding attractions.

A full tour of the citadel typically takes two to three hours.

Melting pot of cultures

Kerman is something of a cultural melting pot, blending various regional cultures over time. It is also home to rich tourist spots and historical sites, including bazaars, mosques, caravanserais and ruins of ancient urban areas.

It is bounded by the provinces of Fars in the west, Yazd in the north, South Khorasan in the northeast, Sistan-Baluchestan in the east, and Hormozgan in the south. It includes the southern part of the central Iranian desert, the Dasht-e Lut.

AM