After the modest results of the climate change talks in Copenhagen a year ago, expectations were low for the follow-up negotiations in Cancun this month. Gloom-and-doom predictions dominated.

But a funny thing happened on the way to that much-anticipated failure: During two intense weeks of discussions in the Mexican resort, the world's governments quietly achieved consensus on a set of substantive steps forward.
And equally important, the participants showed encouraging signs of learning to navigate through the unproductive squabbling between developed and developing countries that derailed the Copenhagen talks.
The tangible advances were noteworthy: The world's largest emitters, among them China, the U.S., the European Union, India, and Brazil, have now signed up for targets and actions to reduce emissions by 2020.
The participating countries also agreed -- for the first time in an official United Nations accord -- to keep temperature increases below a global average of 2 degrees Celsius. Yes, that goal is no more stringent than the one set out in Copenhagen, but this time, the participating nations formally accepted the goals; a year earlier, they merely ‘noted' them, without adopting the accord.
Other provisions establish a Green Climate Fund to finance steps to limit and adapt to climate change, and designate the World Bank as interim trustee, over the objections of many developing countries. And new initiatives will protect tropical forests, and find ways to transfer clean energy technology to poorer countries.
Significantly, the Cancun agreement blurs the distinction between industrialized and developing countries.
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol assigned emission targets only to the 40 countries thought to be part of the industrialized world, which left the more than 140 nations of the developing world without any commitments.
But today, more than 50 of those so-called developing countries have higher per capita income than the poorest of the countries with emission-reduction responsibilities under Kyoto.
Practical approach
Implicitly, the process in Cancun also recognizes that smaller, practical steps -- some of which are occurring outside the United Nations climate process -- are going to be more easily achievable, and thus more effective, than holding out for some overarching thunderclap in a global accord.
For the first time at Cancun, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, under the new leadership of Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres, offered a positive and pragmatic approach toward embracing these parallel processes.
Usefully, the Cancun Agreements recognize directly and explicitly two key principles:
1) All countries must recognize their historic emissions (read, the industrialized world); and
2) All countries are responsible for their future emissions (think of those with fast-growing emerging economies).
This also helps move beyond the old Kyoto divide.
An essential goal in Cancun was for the parties to maintain sensible expectations and develop effective plans. That they met this challenge owes in good measure to the careful and methodical planning by the Mexican government, and to the tremendous skill of Mexican Foreign Minister Patricia Espinosa in presiding over the talks.
For example, at a critical moment she took note of objections from Bolivia and a few other leftist states, and then ruled that the support of the 193 other countries meant that consensus had been achieved and the Cancun Agreements had been adopted.
She pointed out that “consensus does not mean unanimity”. Compare that with Copenhagen, where the Danish prime minister allowed objections by five small countries to derail the talks.
The acceptance of the Cancun Agreements suggests that the international community may now recognize that incremental steps in the right direction are better than acrimonious debates over unachievable targets.
(Source: The Christian Science Monitor)