Known as "Max", he coordinated Resistance in occupied France but was captured and tortured by the Gestapo and died of his injuries.

1957 - The first submarine to circumnavigate the world, the U.S. S. Gudgeon, set sail from Pearl Harbor.

1976 - Former U.S. president Richard Nixon was disbarred by a New York court after his obstruction of justice during the Watergate affair.

1990 - Albania's communist rulers, rocked by unprecedented public dissent, fired their hard-line interior minister and said nearly 5,000 refugees packed into foreign embassies could leave the country.

1992 - Austrian president Kurt Waldheim formally stepped down and was replaced by Thomas Klestil.

1994 - Kim Il-sung, North Korea's authoritarian "great leader" since the founding of the communist state in 1948, died of a heart attack at 82.

1996 - The International Court of Justice ruled that the use or threat of nuclear weapons in war should be outlawed.

2000 - A U.S. attempt to intercept and destroy a target dummy warhead in space over the Pacific Ocean failed when the rocket did not separate from its booster.